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допущение?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Weirdest Thing","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-077"},{"id":"schell-082","number":"82","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Сговор","description":"Согласуйте действия мира и персонажей ради желаемого опыта.","questions":["Как окружение и персонажи вместе поддерживают маршрут игрока?","Где эта согласованность становится слишком заметной и разрушает правдоподобие?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Collusion","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-082"},{"id":"schell-086","number":"86","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Функция персонажа","description":"Дайте персонажу понятную роль в системе и повествовании.","questions":["Как изменится игровой опыт, если этого персонажа убрать?","Можно ли объединить дублирующие роли без потери смысла?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Character Function","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-086"},{"id":"schell-085","number":"85","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Аватар","description":"Настройте отношения игрока с его представлением в мире.","questions":["Какие черты аватара помогают игроку принять его как своё представление?","Что можно выразить через аватар, а что жёстко задаёт игра?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Avatar","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-085"},{"id":"schell-087","number":"87","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Черты персонажа","description":"Покажите характер через наблюдаемое поведение.","questions":["Какие поступки позволяют узнать черту без прямого описания?","Проявляется ли она последовательно в разных обстоятельствах?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Character Traits","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-087"},{"id":"schell-089","number":"89","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Сеть отношений персонажей","description":"Проверьте связи между персонажами как источник конфликтов и перемен.","questions":["Какие отношения меняют решения персонажей?","Что произойдёт с сетью отношений после поступка игрока?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Character Web","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-089"},{"id":"schell-091","number":"91","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Изменение персонажа","description":"Сделайте развитие характера следствием пережитых событий.","questions":["Какое решение показывает, что персонаж изменился?","Подготавливают ли предыдущие события эту перемену?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Character Transformation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-091"},{"id":"schell-092","number":"92","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Внутреннее противоречие","description":"Используйте конфликт желаний и ценностей для объёма персонажа.","questions":["Какие две важные для персонажа вещи нельзя одновременно сохранить?","В каком действии проявится этот конфликт?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Inner Contradiction","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-092"},{"id":"schell-094","number":"94","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Атмосфера","description":"Согласуйте чувственные детали ради нужного состояния игрока.","questions":["Какую атмосферу задают свет, звук, ритм и окружение вместе?","Какой элемент спорит с этим состоянием?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Atmosphere","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-094"},{"id":"schell-093-5","number":"93½","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-third","title":"Присутствие","description":"Проверьте ощущение нахождения внутри мира, особенно в VR и AR.","questions":["В какой момент игрок чувствует, что действительно находится в мире?","Какой отклик или несогласованная деталь разрушает это ощущение?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/93_5/?lang=en","originalTitle":"Presence","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: дополнения третьего издания","sourceUrl":"https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-093-5"},{"id":"schell-095","number":"95","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Наблюдение за игрой","description":"Сделайте происходящее понятным и интересным для зрителя.","questions":["Может ли зритель понять цель, риск и успех без управления?","Какие моменты удобно обсуждать или показывать другим?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Spectation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-095"},{"id":"schell-088","number":"88","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Межличностный круг","description":"Рассмотрите поведение по осям доминирования и дружелюбия.","questions":["Как различается позиция персонажа рядом с другом и противником?","Показывают ли речь и действия выбранный стиль отношений?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Interpersonal Circumplex","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-088"},{"id":"schell-090","number":"90","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Статус","description":"Покажите относительное положение персонажей и его изменения.","questions":["Кто обладает влиянием в конкретной сцене и как это видно?","Как смена статуса меняет поведение и возможности игрока?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Status","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-090"},{"id":"schell-093","number":"93","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Безымянное качество","description":"Ищите ощущение живого целого, возникающее из согласованных деталей.","questions":["Что делает мир убедительным даже вне основной задачи?","Какая деталь действует механически и нарушает ощущение целого?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Nameless Quality","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-093"},{"id":"schell-095-5","number":"95½","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-third","title":"Возможность читерства","description":"Проверьте обход правил и доверие к результатам игры.","questions":["Можно ли получить преимущество в обход правил и заметят ли это?","Что позволяет игрокам доверять честности результатов?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/95_5/?lang=en","originalTitle":"Cheatability","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: дополнения третьего издания","sourceUrl":"https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-095-5"},{"id":"schell-098","number":"98","theme":"social","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Сообщество","description":"Поддерживайте общие интересы, нормы и устойчивые роли.","questions":["Что объединяет участников помимо одновременного присутствия?","Как новичок понимает нормы и находит полезную роль?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Community","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-098"},{"id":"schell-096","number":"96","theme":"social","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Дружба","description":"Создайте условия для знакомства и укрепления отношений.","questions":["Что позволяет игрокам регулярно встречаться и узнавать друг друга?","Как система поддерживает продолжение общения после совместной задачи?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Friendship","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-096"},{"id":"schell-099","number":"99","theme":"social","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Гриферство","description":"Проверьте возможности мешать другим ради самого вреда.","questions":["Как разрешённое действие может испортить чужую сессию?","Можно ли ограничить вред без уничтожения полезного взаимодействия?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Griefing","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-099"},{"id":"schell-097","number":"97","theme":"social","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Самовыражение","description":"Дайте игрокам выражать предпочтения через значимые действия.","questions":["Что игрок может сделать по-своему, сохранив ясность для других?","Отражает ли результат личный выбор или только объём затрат?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Expression","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-097"},{"id":"schell-111","number":"111","theme":"purpose","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Ответственность","description":"Примите ответственность за последствия проектных решений.","questions":["Кого затрагивает это решение и каким образом?","Какой наблюдаемый вред требует изменить дизайн?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Responsibility","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-111"},{"id":"schell-110","number":"110","theme":"purpose","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Изменение игрока","description":"Рассмотрите, как опыт влияет на человека после игры.","questions":["Какое изменение знаний, привычек или отношения даёт игра?","Как проверить полезные и нежелательные последствия этого изменения?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Transformation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-110"},{"id":"schell-113","number":"113","theme":"purpose","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Ваша тайная цель","description":"Назовите личную причину, ради которой создаёте игру.","questions":["Какой собственный мотив я реализую этим проектом?","Совпадает ли сегодняшняя работа с этим мотивом?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Your Secret Purpose","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-113"},{"id":"schell-112","number":"112","theme":"purpose","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Ворон","description":"Соотнесите затраты ограниченного времени с ценностью работы.","questions":["Стоит ли этот проект времени, которое невозможно вернуть?","Какую работу следует перестать делать, чтобы сохранить важное?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Raven","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Шелл: 113 призм второго издания","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-112"}],"counts":{"total":117,"schell":116,"additional":1},"url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/","markdownUrl":"https://gamemechanics.pro/content/lenses/ru/game-design.md","license":"CC-BY-4.0","codeLicense":"MIT","attribution":"gamemechanics.pro contributors","provenance":"Original editorial explanations and review questions based on the user-selected Schell notes and attributed primary references. External concepts and source material retain their rights.","body":"# Призмы геймдизайна\n\nПризма помогает посмотреть на игру с одной стороны и задать точные вопросы. Выберите несколько призм под текущую задачу, проверьте ответы в плейтесте и запишите следующий эксперимент.\n\nКраткие пояснения и вопросы написаны для gamemechanics.pro своими словами. Это самостоятельный справочник, а не перевод карточек или замена книги. Названия, концепции и внешние материалы принадлежат их авторам.\n\n## Опыт и эмоции\n\n### 2. Существенный опыт\n\nid: schell-002\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nВыделите переживание, ради которого существует игра.\n\n- Как описать главный опыт игры без перечисления её функций?\n- Какая механика передаёт этот опыт лучше всего, а какая его размывает?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-002)\n\n### 5. Удовольствие от игры\n\nid: schell-005\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nНайдите конкретные действия, которые хочется повторять.\n\n- Какое действие тестер повторяет по собственной инициативе?\n- Что исчезнет из игры, если убрать её самый приятный момент?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-005)\n\n### 1. Эмоции\n\nid: schell-001\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nНастройте переживание игрока, а не только последовательность событий.\n\n- Какой эмоциональный переход должен произойти за одну сессию?\n- В какой момент плейтест показывает другое чувство и что его вызывает?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-001)\n\n### 8. Решение проблем\n\nid: schell-008\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРассмотрите игру как последовательность задач, которые игрок учится решать.\n\n- Какую задачу игрок решает своим следующим действием?\n- Возникают ли новые задачи из сочетания правил, а не только из новых уровней?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-008)\n\n### 6. Любопытство\n\nid: schell-006\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПоддерживайте вопросы, ответы на которые хочется получить через игру.\n\n- Что игрок хочет выяснить после первого знакомства с игрой?\n- Как ответ на один вопрос открывает следующий интересный вопрос?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-006)\n\n### 7. Внутриигровая ценность\n\nid: schell-007\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСвяжите ценность очков и предметов с тем, что важно в правилах.\n\n- Какое полезное решение становится доступным благодаря этому предмету?\n- Сохраняется ли желание получить награду, когда её внешний блеск исчезает?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-007)\n\n### 4. Сюрприз\n\nid: schell-004\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСоздавайте неожиданные события, которые можно понять после их появления.\n\n- Какое ожидание игрока игра интересно нарушает?\n- Может ли игрок сам создать неожиданную ситуацию для себя или соперника?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-004)\n\n### 3. Место игры\n\nid: schell-003\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nУчитывайте физическое и социальное место, в котором играют.\n\n- Что окружает игрока и сколько внимания он может выделить?\n- Как шум, размер экрана или присутствие других людей меняют правила сессии?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-003)\n\n## Игрок и мотивация\n\n### 19. Игрок\n\nid: schell-019\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроектируйте для конкретных людей и условий игры.\n\n- Что уже умеет выбранная аудитория и чего она ожидает?\n- Какая часть интерфейса предполагает опыт, которого у неё нет?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-019)\n\n### 23. Мотивация\n\nid: schell-023\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРазберитесь, почему игрок начинает действие и продолжает его.\n\n- Что побуждает продолжить игру после выполнения формальной цели?\n- Какая внешняя награда вытесняет интерес к самому действию?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-023)\n\n### 22. Потребности\n\nid: schell-022\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСвяжите игровой опыт с потребностями выбранной аудитории.\n\n- Какую потребность поддерживает этот режим или награда?\n- Есть ли противоречие между потребностью игрока и требованием системы?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-022)\n\n### 21. Поток\n\nid: schell-021\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСогласуйте ясную цель, внимание и посильный вызов.\n\n- Где игрок скучает, а где перестаёт понимать, как добиться успеха?\n- Как следующий шаг учитывает уже освоенный навык?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-021)\n\n### 20. Игровые удовольствия\n\nid: schell-020\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРазличайте удовольствие от исследования, общения, освоения и других занятий.\n\n- Какие виды удовольствия дают разные действия в игре?\n- Какой важный для аудитории вид удовольствия остаётся без поддержки?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-020)\n\n### 25. Оценка игрока\n\nid: schell-025\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, как игра оценивает действия и объясняет результат.\n\n- Понимает ли игрок, за какое действие он получил такую оценку?\n- Оценка помогает совершенствоваться или только сообщает о поражении?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-025)\n\n### 24. Новизна\n\nid: schell-024\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nДайте игроку заметное отличие, которое имеет смысл в игре.\n\n- Что игрок замечает как новое и как это меняет его решения?\n- Остаётся ли эта особенность интересной после знакомства?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-024)\n\n## Замысел и идея\n\n### 14. Постановка проблемы\n\nid: schell-014\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nОпишите задачу дизайна до выбора решения.\n\n- Какой наблюдаемый результат мы пытаемся получить для игрока?\n- Какая текущая функция не помогает решить эту задачу?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-014)\n\n### 9. Элементная тетрада\n\nid: schell-009\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСогласуйте механику, историю, эстетику и технологию.\n\n- Как каждый из четырёх элементов поддерживает главный опыт?\n- Где улучшение одного элемента ухудшает другой?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-009)\n\n### 16. Снижение рисков\n\nid: schell-016\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверяйте опасные предположения до дорогой разработки.\n\n- Какое неверное предположение сделает проект нежизнеспособным?\n- Какой дешёвый эксперимент проверит именно его?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-016)\n\n### 15. Восемь фильтров\n\nid: schell-015\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте замысел с творческой, аудиторной, технической и деловой сторон.\n\n- Проходит ли идея проверки вкуса, аудитории, дизайна, новизны, бизнеса, технологии, общения и плейтеста?\n- Какой провал требует изменить замысел, а не косметически доработать его?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-015)\n\n### 11. Единство\n\nid: schell-011\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, работают ли детали на общую тему.\n\n- Какое общее обещание объединяет правила, звук и визуальные решения?\n- Какая деталь выглядит чужой и чем её можно заменить?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-011)\n\n### 17. Игрушка\n\nid: schell-017\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте удовольствие от взаимодействия без обязательной цели.\n\n- Хочется ли исследовать управление, когда победа и счёт отключены?\n- Какое свойство системы приглашает поэкспериментировать?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-017)\n\n### 10. Голографический дизайн\n\nid: schell-010\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСвяжите устройство игры с тем, как её воспринимает игрок.\n\n- Как изменение правила отражается на эмоциях, истории и изображении?\n- Можно ли объяснить впечатление тестера через конкретное сочетание элементов?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-010)\n\n### 12. Резонанс\n\nid: schell-012\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИщите идеи, которые вызывают сильный личный отклик.\n\n- Какая часть замысла сильнее всего отзывается у автора и аудитории?\n- Каким игровым действием можно передать этот отклик?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-012)\n\n### 13. Бесконечное вдохновение\n\nid: schell-013\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nБерите материал для игры из опыта за пределами других игр.\n\n- Какой неигровой опыт даёт необычное правило или ощущение?\n- Что в нём важно сохранить при переводе в игровой формат?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-013)\n\n### 18. Страсть\n\nid: schell-018\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, поддерживает ли интерес к замыслу длительную работу.\n\n- К какой части игры команда возвращается с интересом после неудач?\n- Совпадает ли этот интерес с тем, ради чего приходит игрок?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-018)\n\n## Правила и системы\n\n### 32. Цели\n\nid: schell-032\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСделайте цели понятными, достижимыми и интересными для игрока.\n\n- Может ли игрок объяснить ближайшую и общую цель?\n- Какая цель допускает разные осмысленные способы достижения?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-032)\n\n### 31. Действия\n\nid: schell-031\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРазличайте доступные команды и возникающие из них стратегии.\n\n- Что игрок может делать и какие решения рождаются из сочетания действий?\n- Какое действие редко применяется и почему оно всё ещё нужно?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-031)\n\n### 33. Правила\n\nid: schell-033\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте явные ограничения и правила, которые система навязывает молча.\n\n- Какие правила игрок должен знать до первого важного решения?\n- Где реализация правила расходится с тем, что объясняет игра?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-033)\n\n### 28. Машина состояний\n\nid: schell-028\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nОпишите допустимые состояния и переходы системы.\n\n- Какие переходы игрок может вызвать и по каким условиям?\n- Есть ли состояние, из которого нельзя выйти ожидаемым способом?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-028)\n\n### 34. Навыки\n\nid: schell-034\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nВыделите физические, умственные и социальные навыки игры.\n\n- Какой навык объясняет разницу между новичком и опытным игроком?\n- Даёт ли игра безопасную возможность потренировать этот навык?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-034)\n\n### Внутренние атомы навыка\n\nid: deterding-skill-atoms\nАвтор: Sebastian Deterding\nИсточник: [Детердинг: внутренние атомы навыка](https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-lens-of-intrinsic-skill-atoms-a-method-for-gameful-design/)\n\nРассмотрите полезный вызов как цикл цели, действия, правил и обратной связи.\n\n- Какой навык развивается при повторении этого цикла?\n- Какие трудности составляют суть занятия, а какие создаёт неудобная система?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://gamefuldesign.wordpress.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#deterding-skill-atoms)\n\n### 26. Функциональное пространство\n\nid: schell-026\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРассмотрите пространство как связи и ограничения действий.\n\n- Какие позиции различаются по возможностям, даже если выглядят одинаково?\n- Как границы и переходы между областями меняют стратегию?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-026)\n\n### 27. Время\n\nid: schell-027\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИспользуйте длительность, порядок и темп как часть правил.\n\n- Какие решения меняются при ускорении или замедлении времени?\n- Где ожидание создаёт напряжение, а где только задерживает игру?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-027)\n\n### 30. Эмерджентность\n\nid: schell-030\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИщите сложное поведение, возникающее из простых взаимодействий.\n\n- Какие неожиданные способы игры появляются при сочетании правил?\n- Можно ли расширить взаимодействия вместо добавления отдельной функции?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-030)\n\n### 36. Случайность\n\nid: schell-036\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте роль неопределённости и понимание вероятностей.\n\n- Как случайность меняет решение до события и реакцию после него?\n- Может ли игрок управлять риском или только ждать результата?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-036)\n\n### 35. Ожидаемая ценность\n\nid: schell-035\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСопоставляйте вероятность исхода и ценность результата.\n\n- Каковы средние выгоды и потери каждого рискованного решения?\n- Совпадает ли расчёт с ценностью, которую ощущает игрок?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-035)\n\n### 29. Секреты\n\nid: schell-029\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРаспределяйте информацию между системой и игроками осознанно.\n\n- Кто знает важный факт и кто может его узнать?\n- Скрытая информация создаёт интересное предположение или случайную ошибку?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-029)\n\n## Выбор и баланс\n\n### 39. Осмысленный выбор\n\nid: schell-039\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nДайте решениям разные последствия и реальные компромиссы.\n\n- Есть ли условия, в которых каждая предлагаемая возможность полезна?\n- Как игрок узнаёт цену выбора до принятия решения?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-039)\n\n### 38. Вызов\n\nid: schell-038\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nНастраивайте трудность под развитие навыка и ожидаемый опыт.\n\n- Как игрок понимает причину неудачи и следующий способ улучшения?\n- Можно ли менять трудность без разрушения сути вызова?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-038)\n\n### 53. Баланс\n\nid: schell-053\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nНастройте отношения между элементами под желаемый опыт.\n\n- Какая стратегия вытесняет остальные и при каких условиях?\n- Что изменится у новичка и эксперта после одной правки баланса?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-053)\n\n### 37. Справедливость\n\nid: schell-037\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСогласуйте условия успеха с обещанием выбранного режима.\n\n- Какие преимущества участники получают до начала соревнования?\n- Считает ли аудитория эти различия оправданными для этого режима?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-037)\n\n### 48. Простота и сложность\n\nid: schell-048\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРазличайте сложность правил и глубину возникающих решений.\n\n- Какое правило можно убрать, сохранив интересные решения?\n- Какая простая связь создаёт разнообразие ситуаций?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-048)\n\n### 41. Навык и случайность\n\nid: schell-041\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nВыберите долю контроля и неопределённости, подходящую аудитории.\n\n- Как часто лучший игрок проигрывает из-за события вне его контроля?\n- Этот результат поддерживает ожидаемое напряжение или подрывает доверие?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-041)\n\n### 46. Награды\n\nid: schell-046\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПодбирайте форму и момент награды под действие игрока.\n\n- Какую ценную обратную связь даёт эта награда?\n- Стимулирует ли она нужный способ игры или побочный сбор очков?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-046)\n\n### 47. Наказания\n\nid: schell-047\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, чему учит потеря и сколько времени она отнимает.\n\n- Что игрок понимает после штрафа, чего не понимал до него?\n- Соразмерны ли последствия ошибке и возможности восстановиться?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-047)\n\n### 49. Элегантность\n\nid: schell-049\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИщите элементы, выполняющие несколько согласованных функций.\n\n- Может ли один элемент поддержать обучение, стратегию и тему?\n- Какая отдельная система дублирует уже существующую?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-049)\n\n### 52. Экономика\n\nid: schell-052\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте производство, расходование и обмен игровых ценностей.\n\n- Какие источники и расходы управляют количеством ресурса?\n- Остаётся ли выбор затрат интересным на поздней стадии игры?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-052)\n\n### 42. Голова и руки\n\nid: schell-042\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСогласуйте размышление с физическим исполнением действий.\n\n- Где успех требует планирования, а где точного исполнения?\n- Может ли сильная сторона игрока компенсировать другую в допустимых пределах?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-042)\n\n### 43. Соревнование\n\nid: schell-043\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСделайте сравнение результатов понятным и мотивирующим.\n\n- Что именно сравнивают соперники и насколько это зависит от их действий?\n- Что побуждает проигравшего попробовать снова?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-043)\n\n### 44. Сотрудничество\n\nid: schell-044\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСоздайте причины координироваться и помогать друг другу.\n\n- Как вклад одного игрока расширяет возможности другого?\n- Может ли участник оставаться полезным при разнице в навыках?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-044)\n\n### 45. Соревнование и сотрудничество\n\nid: schell-045\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, как совместные и противоположные интересы сочетаются.\n\n- Когда выгодно помогать, а когда выгодно соперничать?\n- Не разрушает ли личная награда общую цель команды?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-045)\n\n### 40. Треугольный выбор\n\nid: schell-040\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСравните безопасный малый выигрыш с рискованным большим.\n\n- Что игрок получает, выбирая опасный маршрут вместо безопасного?\n- Меняется ли лучший выбор в зависимости от текущей ситуации?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-040)\n\n### 50. Характер игры\n\nid: schell-050\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСохраните выразительные особенности, отличающие игру от гладкого шаблона.\n\n- Какое необычное свойство делает игру узнаваемой?\n- Исправляемая шероховатость мешает игроку или придаёт игре характер?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-050)\n\n### 51. Воображение\n\nid: schell-051\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nОпределите, что показать явно, а что игрок достроит сам.\n\n- Какие пробелы игрок охотно заполняет собственным воображением?\n- Где отсутствие информации мешает понять обязательное действие?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-051)\n\n## Головоломки и интерфейс\n\n### 59. Контроль\n\nid: schell-059\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, ощущает ли игрок связь намерения, действия и результата.\n\n- Получает ли игрок ожидаемый результат от знакомой команды?\n- Где задержка или ограничение создаёт ощущение потери управления?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-059)\n\n### 63. Обратная связь\n\nid: schell-063\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСообщайте о состоянии и последствиях действия вовремя.\n\n- Как игрок отличает принятую команду от проигнорированной?\n- Помогает ли ответ системы выбрать следующее действие?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-063)\n\n### 62. Прозрачность\n\nid: schell-062\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСделайте управление достаточно понятным, чтобы внимание оставалось на игре.\n\n- Когда игрок перестаёт думать об интерфейсе и думает о задаче?\n- Какая операция постоянно возвращает внимание к устройству управления?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-062)\n\n### 60. Физический интерфейс\n\nid: schell-060\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nУчитывайте реальные устройства и тело игрока.\n\n- Удобно ли выполнять частое действие на целевом устройстве?\n- Как хват, усилие или усталость меняют доступное управление?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-060)\n\n### 61. Виртуальный интерфейс\n\nid: schell-061\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nОрганизуйте экранные элементы вокруг решений игрока.\n\n- Какую информацию нужно видеть в момент выбора?\n- Какой элемент занимает внимание, не помогая действовать?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-061)\n\n### 54. Доступность решения\n\nid: schell-054\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПозвольте игроку начать решать задачу без непреодолимого входного барьера.\n\n- Есть ли понятный первый шаг к решению головоломки?\n- Какая подсказка помогает начать, сохраняя самостоятельное открытие?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-054)\n\n### 55. Видимый прогресс\n\nid: schell-055\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПокажите приближение к цели, особенно в длинных задачах.\n\n- Что изменилось после усилия игрока и может ли он это увидеть?\n- Как показать частичный успех, не раскрывая всё решение?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-055)\n\n### 58. Головоломка\n\nid: schell-058\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСоздайте понятную задачу с открытием, а не угадыванием скрытого требования.\n\n- Какая идея позволяет перейти от тупика к решению?\n- Достаточно ли наблюдаемых фактов, чтобы прийти к этой идее?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-058)\n\n### 66. Каналы и измерения информации\n\nid: schell-066\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРаспределите информацию по зрительным, звуковым и другим сигналам.\n\n- Какие сообщения конкурируют в одном канале восприятия?\n- Можно ли различить важные состояния без путаницы между сигналами?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-066)\n\n### 67. Режимы\n\nid: schell-067\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПокажите, когда одни и те же команды меняют значение.\n\n- Как игрок узнаёт текущий режим до выполнения действия?\n- Можно ли устранить переключение, которое вызывает повторные ошибки?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-067)\n\n### 67½. Метафора\n\nid: schell-067-5\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: дополнения третьего издания](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf)\n\nПроверьте, помогает ли знакомый образ понять интерфейс.\n\n- Какие ожидания создаёт метафора и выполняет ли их игра?\n- Где отказ от метафоры сделает взаимодействие яснее?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/67_5/?lang=en) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-067-5)\n\n### 64. Сочность\n\nid: schell-064\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nУсильте ощущение действия выразительным, согласованным откликом.\n\n- Как звук, движение и изображение подчёркивают значимый момент?\n- Не скрывает ли обилие эффектов важный сигнал?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-064)\n\n### 65. Базовые инстинкты\n\nid: schell-065\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИспользуйте непосредственные человеческие реакции осознанно.\n\n- Какой образ или звук вызывает реакцию ещё до объяснения правил?\n- Поддерживает ли эта реакция смысл происходящего?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-065)\n\n### 56. Параллелизм\n\nid: schell-056\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nДайте несколько задач, между которыми можно переключаться.\n\n- Что игрок может исследовать, если застрял на основной задаче?\n- Не требует ли каждая доступная ветка того же недостающего знания?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-056)\n\n### 57. Пирамида\n\nid: schell-057\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСвяжите освоенные части задачи в итоговое испытание.\n\n- Какие предыдущие решения дают материал для финальной задачи?\n- Понимает ли игрок связь частей до того, как должен их объединить?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-057)\n\n## Команда и выпуск\n\n### 103. Плейтест\n\nid: schell-103\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверяйте важные вопросы через наблюдение за реальной игрой.\n\n- Какое предположение должен проверить следующий плейтест?\n- Что нужно наблюдать, чтобы отличить его подтверждение от вежливого отзыва?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-103)\n\n### 101. Команда\n\nid: schell-101\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСогласуйте понимание замысла, роли и способы сотрудничества.\n\n- Могут ли участники одинаково объяснить цель текущей версии?\n- Где решение застревает из-за неясной ответственности?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-101)\n\n### 104. Технология\n\nid: schell-104\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nОцените инструмент по его влиянию на замысел и процесс.\n\n- Какое требование игры делает эту технологию необходимой?\n- Какие ограничения инструмента нужно проверить прототипом?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-104)\n\n### 102. Документация\n\nid: schell-102\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПишите документы для конкретного решения и читателя.\n\n- Кому нужен этот документ и какое действие он помогает выполнить?\n- Какая часть уже расходится с текущей игрой?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-102)\n\n### 100. Любовь к работе\n\nid: schell-100\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте заботу о проекте, которая выражается в конкретных действиях.\n\n- Какое решение показывает, что команда заботится об опыте игрока?\n- Что помогает сохранять эту заботу в рутинной работе?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-100)\n\n### 107. Заказчик\n\nid: schell-107\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРазличайте заявленный запрос и действительную потребность заказчика.\n\n- Какой результат заказчик пытается получить через эту функцию?\n- Какая проверка покажет, что результат действительно достигнут?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-107)\n\n### 109. Прибыль\n\nid: schell-109\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСвяжите доходы, затраты и объём продаж с проверяемыми предположениями.\n\n- Сколько продаж нужно для покрытия разработки и распространения?\n- На какие проверенные сведения опирается прогноз спроса?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-109)\n\n### 108. Презентация\n\nid: schell-108\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПодготовьте объяснение для конкретного решения конкретной аудитории.\n\n- Что слушатель должен понять и решить после презентации?\n- Какая демонстрация доказывает главное обещание лучше описания?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-108)\n\n### 105. Хрустальный шар\n\nid: schell-105\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nУчитывайте будущие изменения как предположения с границами уверенности.\n\n- Какая ожидаемая перемена повлияет на выпуск или поддержку?\n- Как уменьшить зависимость от прогноза, который может не сбыться?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-105)\n\n### 106. Утопия\n\nid: schell-106\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, какую положительную возможность игра добавляет миру.\n\n- Что становится возможным для людей благодаря этой игре?\n- Можно ли наблюдать этот вклад за пределами обещания автора?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-106)\n\n## Интерес и история\n\n### 69. Кривая интереса\n\nid: schell-069\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРаспределите рост напряжения, пики и передышки во времени.\n\n- Где внимание тестера растёт и где падает в ходе сессии?\n- Достаточно ли спокойного времени между сильными эпизодами?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-069)\n\n### 78. История\n\nid: schell-078\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСвяжите повествование с действиями, целями и последствиями игры.\n\n- Что игрок узнаёт о ситуации через действие, а не объяснение?\n- Поддерживает ли история то, что правила поощряют делать?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-078)\n\n### 79. Свобода\n\nid: schell-079\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nУточните, где игрок действительно может выбирать.\n\n- Какие решения изменяют ход игры, а какие только создают видимость выбора?\n- Какие ограничения помогают ориентироваться вместо ощущения произвола?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-079)\n\n### 68. Моменты\n\nid: schell-068\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nВыделите короткие эпизоды, которые игрок запомнит.\n\n- Какой момент тестер описывает первым после сессии?\n- Что готовит этот момент и что позволяет ему выделиться?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-068)\n\n### 70. Внутренний интерес\n\nid: schell-070\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИщите интерес, который тема и ситуация вызывают сами по себе.\n\n- Что привлекает внимание ещё до наград и прогрессии?\n- Как действие игрока позволяет исследовать именно это?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-070)\n\n### 74. Препятствие\n\nid: schell-074\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПоставьте препятствия, которые делают достижение цели значимым.\n\n- Почему преодоление этого препятствия важно для игрока?\n- Испытание раскрывает героя или только задерживает развитие?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-074)\n\n### 80. Помощь\n\nid: schell-080\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, кому герой помогает и зачем игроку это важно.\n\n- Кому становится лучше от действий игрока?\n- Как игра показывает результат помощи, не ограничиваясь обещанием?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-080)\n\n### 84. Мир\n\nid: schell-084\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСоздайте связный мир, который интересно исследовать за пределами сюжета.\n\n- Какие закономерности мира игрок может заметить и проверить?\n- Что связывает отдельные места и истории в одно целое?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-084)\n\n### 83. Фантазия\n\nid: schell-083\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте, какое желание игрок проживает в игровом мире.\n\n- Кем игрок хочет побыть и что хочет уметь в этой игре?\n- Какая обязательная механика мешает почувствовать эту роль?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-083)\n\n### 73. Генератор историй\n\nid: schell-073\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте истории, возникающие из действий и последствий.\n\n- Какой эпизод игрок может пересказать как свою историю?\n- Какие правила дают разным сессиям разные драматические последствия?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-073)\n\n### 81. Непрямой контроль\n\nid: schell-081\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nНаправляйте внимание через пространство, цели и сигналы.\n\n- Какая деталь побуждает выбрать нужный путь без явной команды?\n- Сохраняет ли игрок ощущение самостоятельного решения?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-081)\n\n### 72. Проекция\n\nid: schell-072\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПомогите игроку мысленно занять место действующего лица.\n\n- Что связывает намерение игрока с действием персонажа?\n- Где персонаж действует так, что игрок перестаёт узнавать в нём себя?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-072)\n\n### 76. Путь героя\n\nid: schell-076\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИспользуйте структуру путешествия как проверку развития, а не обязательный шаблон.\n\n- Как испытания меняют героя от начала к финалу?\n- Какой этап помогает игре, а какой добавлен только ради схемы?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-076)\n\n### 75. Простота и превосхождение\n\nid: schell-075\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСоедините узнаваемую основу с необычным масштабом или возможностью.\n\n- Какой простой конфликт помогает сразу понять происходящее?\n- Как игра позволяет выйти за пределы обычного опыта этого конфликта?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-075)\n\n### 71. Красота\n\nid: schell-071\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИспользуйте эстетические решения для ценности переживания.\n\n- Какая деталь вызывает желание задержаться и рассмотреть её?\n- Согласуется ли красота с ясностью игрового действия?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-071)\n\n### 77. Самая странная вещь\n\nid: schell-077\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте крайнее допущение мира на понятность и согласованность.\n\n- Что кажется новым игрокам самым неправдоподобным?\n- Какая внутренняя логика позволяет принять это допущение?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-077)\n\n### 82. Сговор\n\nid: schell-082\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСогласуйте действия мира и персонажей ради желаемого опыта.\n\n- Как окружение и персонажи вместе поддерживают маршрут игрока?\n- Где эта согласованность становится слишком заметной и разрушает правдоподобие?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-082)\n\n## Персонажи и мир\n\n### 86. Функция персонажа\n\nid: schell-086\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nДайте персонажу понятную роль в системе и повествовании.\n\n- Как изменится игровой опыт, если этого персонажа убрать?\n- Можно ли объединить дублирующие роли без потери смысла?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-086)\n\n### 85. Аватар\n\nid: schell-085\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nНастройте отношения игрока с его представлением в мире.\n\n- Какие черты аватара помогают игроку принять его как своё представление?\n- Что можно выразить через аватар, а что жёстко задаёт игра?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-085)\n\n### 87. Черты персонажа\n\nid: schell-087\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПокажите характер через наблюдаемое поведение.\n\n- Какие поступки позволяют узнать черту без прямого описания?\n- Проявляется ли она последовательно в разных обстоятельствах?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-087)\n\n### 89. Сеть отношений персонажей\n\nid: schell-089\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте связи между персонажами как источник конфликтов и перемен.\n\n- Какие отношения меняют решения персонажей?\n- Что произойдёт с сетью отношений после поступка игрока?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-089)\n\n### 91. Изменение персонажа\n\nid: schell-091\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСделайте развитие характера следствием пережитых событий.\n\n- Какое решение показывает, что персонаж изменился?\n- Подготавливают ли предыдущие события эту перемену?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-091)\n\n### 92. Внутреннее противоречие\n\nid: schell-092\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИспользуйте конфликт желаний и ценностей для объёма персонажа.\n\n- Какие две важные для персонажа вещи нельзя одновременно сохранить?\n- В каком действии проявится этот конфликт?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-092)\n\n### 94. Атмосфера\n\nid: schell-094\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСогласуйте чувственные детали ради нужного состояния игрока.\n\n- Какую атмосферу задают свет, звук, ритм и окружение вместе?\n- Какой элемент спорит с этим состоянием?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-094)\n\n### 93½. Присутствие\n\nid: schell-093-5\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: дополнения третьего издания](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf)\n\nПроверьте ощущение нахождения внутри мира, особенно в VR и AR.\n\n- В какой момент игрок чувствует, что действительно находится в мире?\n- Какой отклик или несогласованная деталь разрушает это ощущение?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/93_5/?lang=en) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-093-5)\n\n### 95. Наблюдение за игрой\n\nid: schell-095\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСделайте происходящее понятным и интересным для зрителя.\n\n- Может ли зритель понять цель, риск и успех без управления?\n- Какие моменты удобно обсуждать или показывать другим?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-095)\n\n### 88. Межличностный круг\n\nid: schell-088\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРассмотрите поведение по осям доминирования и дружелюбия.\n\n- Как различается позиция персонажа рядом с другом и противником?\n- Показывают ли речь и действия выбранный стиль отношений?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-088)\n\n### 90. Статус\n\nid: schell-090\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПокажите относительное положение персонажей и его изменения.\n\n- Кто обладает влиянием в конкретной сцене и как это видно?\n- Как смена статуса меняет поведение и возможности игрока?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-090)\n\n### 93. Безымянное качество\n\nid: schell-093\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nИщите ощущение живого целого, возникающее из согласованных деталей.\n\n- Что делает мир убедительным даже вне основной задачи?\n- Какая деталь действует механически и нарушает ощущение целого?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-093)\n\n### 95½. Возможность читерства\n\nid: schell-095-5\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: дополнения третьего издания](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf)\n\nПроверьте обход правил и доверие к результатам игры.\n\n- Можно ли получить преимущество в обход правил и заметят ли это?\n- Что позволяет игрокам доверять честности результатов?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/95_5/?lang=en) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-095-5)\n\n## Социальная игра\n\n### 98. Сообщество\n\nid: schell-098\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПоддерживайте общие интересы, нормы и устойчивые роли.\n\n- Что объединяет участников помимо одновременного присутствия?\n- Как новичок понимает нормы и находит полезную роль?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-098)\n\n### 96. Дружба\n\nid: schell-096\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСоздайте условия для знакомства и укрепления отношений.\n\n- Что позволяет игрокам регулярно встречаться и узнавать друг друга?\n- Как система поддерживает продолжение общения после совместной задачи?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-096)\n\n### 99. Гриферство\n\nid: schell-099\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПроверьте возможности мешать другим ради самого вреда.\n\n- Как разрешённое действие может испортить чужую сессию?\n- Можно ли ограничить вред без уничтожения полезного взаимодействия?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-099)\n\n### 97. Самовыражение\n\nid: schell-097\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nДайте игрокам выражать предпочтения через значимые действия.\n\n- Что игрок может сделать по-своему, сохранив ясность для других?\n- Отражает ли результат личный выбор или только объём затрат?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-097)\n\n## Цель и последствия\n\n### 111. Ответственность\n\nid: schell-111\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nПримите ответственность за последствия проектных решений.\n\n- Кого затрагивает это решение и каким образом?\n- Какой наблюдаемый вред требует изменить дизайн?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-111)\n\n### 110. Изменение игрока\n\nid: schell-110\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nРассмотрите, как опыт влияет на человека после игры.\n\n- Какое изменение знаний, привычек или отношения даёт игра?\n- Как проверить полезные и нежелательные последствия этого изменения?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-110)\n\n### 113. Ваша тайная цель\n\nid: schell-113\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nНазовите личную причину, ради которой создаёте игру.\n\n- Какой собственный мотив я реализую этим проектом?\n- Совпадает ли сегодняшняя работа с этим мотивом?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-113)\n\n### 112. Ворон\n\nid: schell-112\nАвтор: Jesse Schell\nИсточник: [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nСоотнесите затраты ограниченного времени с ценностью работы.\n\n- Стоит ли этот проект времени, которое невозможно вернуть?\n- Какую работу следует перестать делать, чтобы сохранить важное?\n\n[Оригинальный материал](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Прямая ссылка](https://gamemechanics.pro/ru/lenses/#schell-112)\n\n## Источники\n\n- [Шелл: 113 призм второго издания](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design): Основной набор сверён с предоставленным конспектом второго издания. Официальная страница автора ведёт к книге и колоде.\n- [Шелл: дополнения третьего издания](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf): Оглавление третьего издания подтверждает №67½, №93½ и №95½. Содержание дополнений проверено в официальной колоде.\n- [Детердинг: внутренние атомы навыка](https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-lens-of-intrinsic-skill-atoms-a-method-for-gameful-design/): Отдельный метод gameful design из статьи 2015 года. Его применение описано в авторском курсе How to Do Gameful Design. Это не дополнительный номер Шелла.\n"},{"id":"game-design","lang":"en","title":"Game-design lenses","description":"117 perspectives for reviewing concepts, player experience and game systems: Schell’s lenses and Deterding’s distinct method.","intro":"A lens focuses attention on one aspect of a game and prompts useful questions. Choose a few lenses for the current problem, test your answers through play and record the next experiment.","rights":"The concise explanations and review questions are original gamemechanics.pro wording. This is an independent reference, not a translation of the cards or a substitute for the book. Names, concepts and external material remain their authors’ work.","updatedAt":"2026-10-10","themes":[{"id":"experience","title":"Experience and emotions"},{"id":"player","title":"Player and motivation"},{"id":"concept","title":"Concept and ideas"},{"id":"rules","title":"Rules and systems"},{"id":"balance","title":"Choices and balance"},{"id":"interface","title":"Puzzles and interfaces"},{"id":"production","title":"Team and release"},{"id":"story","title":"Interest and story"},{"id":"world","title":"Characters and world"},{"id":"social","title":"Social play"},{"id":"purpose","title":"Purpose and consequences"}],"sources":[{"id":"schell-second","title":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","author":"Jesse Schell","edition":2,"url":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","description":"The core set was checked against the supplied second-edition notes. The author’s official page links to the book and deck."},{"id":"schell-third","title":"Schell: third-edition additions","author":"Jesse Schell","edition":3,"url":"https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf","description":"The third-edition table of lenses confirms 67½, 93½ and 95½. The additions were checked in the official deck."},{"id":"deterding","title":"Deterding: intrinsic skill atoms","author":"Sebastian Deterding","edition":null,"url":"https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-lens-of-intrinsic-skill-atoms-a-method-for-gameful-design/","description":"A separate gameful design method from a 2015 paper, explained in the author’s How to Do Gameful Design course. It does not extend Schell’s numbering."}],"lenses":[{"id":"schell-002","number":"2","theme":"experience","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Essential Experience","description":"Identify the experience that gives the game its purpose.","questions":["How would you describe its essential experience without listing features?","Which mechanic expresses that experience, and which dilutes it?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Essential Experience","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-002"},{"id":"schell-005","number":"5","theme":"experience","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Fun","description":"Find the specific actions players want to repeat.","questions":["Which action does a tester repeat voluntarily?","What would be lost if its most enjoyable moment were removed?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Fun","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-005"},{"id":"schell-001","number":"1","theme":"experience","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Emotion","description":"Design the player's feelings alongside the sequence of events.","questions":["What emotional change should one session create?","Where does a playtest reveal a different feeling, and what causes it?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Emotion","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-001"},{"id":"schell-008","number":"8","theme":"experience","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Problem Solving","description":"View play as problems the player learns to solve.","questions":["What problem does the player's next action address?","Do combinations of rules create new problems beyond additional levels?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Problem Solving","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-008"},{"id":"schell-006","number":"6","theme":"experience","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Curiosity","description":"Sustain questions players want to answer through play.","questions":["What does the player want to discover after first encountering the game?","How does answering one question reveal another interesting one?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Curiosity","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-006"},{"id":"schell-007","number":"7","theme":"experience","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Endogenous Value","description":"Connect points and items to things that matter within the rules.","questions":["What useful decision does this item make possible?","Does the reward remain desirable after its novelty wears off?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Endogenous Value","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-007"},{"id":"schell-004","number":"4","theme":"experience","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Surprise","description":"Create unexpected events that make sense once they happen.","questions":["Which player expectation does the game disrupt in an interesting way?","Can a player create an unexpected situation for themselves or an opponent?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Surprise","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-004"},{"id":"schell-003","number":"3","theme":"experience","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Venue","description":"Consider the physical and social setting in which play happens.","questions":["What surrounds the player, and how much attention can they give?","How do noise, screen size or other people change the session?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Venue","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-003"},{"id":"schell-019","number":"19","theme":"player","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Player","description":"Design for specific people and play contexts.","questions":["What does the intended audience already know and expect?","Which interface element assumes experience that audience lacks?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Player","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-019"},{"id":"schell-023","number":"23","theme":"player","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Motivation","description":"Understand why a player starts and sustains an action.","questions":["What motivates continued play after the stated goal is complete?","Which external reward displaces interest in the action itself?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Motivation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-023"},{"id":"schell-022","number":"22","theme":"player","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Needs","description":"Connect the experience to the intended audience's needs.","questions":["What need does this mode or reward support?","Does the system demand something that conflicts with the player's need?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Needs","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-022"},{"id":"schell-021","number":"21","theme":"player","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Flow","description":"Align a clear goal, focused attention and an achievable challenge.","questions":["Where is the player bored, and where do they lose a path to success?","How does the next step build on the skill already learned?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Flow","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-021"},{"id":"schell-020","number":"20","theme":"player","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Pleasure","description":"Distinguish pleasures such as exploration, connection and mastery.","questions":["What kinds of pleasure do different actions provide?","Which pleasure valued by the audience lacks support?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Pleasure","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-020"},{"id":"schell-025","number":"25","theme":"player","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Judgment","description":"Examine how the game judges actions and communicates results.","questions":["Does the player understand which action earned that evaluation?","Does evaluation help improvement or merely announce failure?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Judgment","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-025"},{"id":"schell-024","number":"24","theme":"player","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Novelty","description":"Offer a noticeable difference that matters during play.","questions":["What feels new to the player, and how does it change decisions?","Does that feature remain interesting once it becomes familiar?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Novelty","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-024"},{"id":"schell-014","number":"14","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Problem Statement","description":"Define the design problem before choosing a solution.","questions":["What observable result are we trying to create for the player?","Which current feature does not help solve that problem?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Problem Statement","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-014"},{"id":"schell-009","number":"9","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Elemental Tetrad","description":"Align mechanics, story, aesthetics and technology.","questions":["How does each of the four elements support the essential experience?","Where does improving one element undermine another?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Elemental Tetrad","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-009"},{"id":"schell-016","number":"16","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Risk Mitigation","description":"Test risky assumptions before expensive development.","questions":["Which mistaken assumption would make the project unviable?","Which inexpensive experiment would test that assumption directly?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Risk Mitigation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-016"},{"id":"schell-015","number":"15","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Eight Filters","description":"Review the concept from creative, audience, technical and business perspectives.","questions":["Does the idea pass reviews of taste, audience, design, novelty, business, technology, social fit and playtesting?","Which failed review requires a concept change rather than cosmetic polish?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Eight Filters","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-015"},{"id":"schell-011","number":"11","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Unification","description":"Check whether details reinforce a shared theme.","questions":["What shared promise connects rules, sound and visuals?","Which detail feels out of place, and what could replace it?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Unification","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-011"},{"id":"schell-017","number":"17","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Toy","description":"Check whether interaction is enjoyable without a required goal.","questions":["Is interacting still appealing when victory and scoring are disabled?","Which system property invites experimentation?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Toy","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-017"},{"id":"schell-010","number":"10","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Holographic Design","description":"Connect the game's structure to the player's experience of it.","questions":["How does a rule change affect feelings, story and presentation?","Can a tester's impression be traced to a specific combination of elements?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Holographic Design","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-010"},{"id":"schell-012","number":"12","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Resonance","description":"Look for ideas that produce a strong personal response.","questions":["Which part of the concept resonates most with its creator and audience?","What player action could convey that response?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Resonance","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-012"},{"id":"schell-013","number":"13","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Infinite Inspiration","description":"Draw inspiration from experiences beyond other games.","questions":["What experience outside games suggests an unusual rule or feeling?","What matters most when translating it into play?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Infinite Inspiration","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-013"},{"id":"schell-018","number":"18","theme":"concept","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Passion","description":"Check whether interest in the concept can sustain the work.","questions":["Which part of the game keeps the team interested after setbacks?","Does that interest align with what attracts the player?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Passion","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-018"},{"id":"schell-032","number":"32","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Goals","description":"Make goals understandable, attainable and appealing to the player.","questions":["Can the player explain the immediate and overall goal?","Which goal allows several meaningful ways to achieve it?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Goals","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-032"},{"id":"schell-031","number":"31","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Action","description":"Distinguish available commands from the strategies they enable.","questions":["What can the player do, and what decisions emerge from combining actions?","Which action is rarely used, and why is it still needed?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Action","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-031"},{"id":"schell-033","number":"33","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Rules","description":"Review explicit restrictions and rules silently enforced by the system.","questions":["Which rules must the player know before the first important decision?","Where does a rule's implementation differ from the game's explanation?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Rules","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-033"},{"id":"schell-028","number":"28","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The State Machine","description":"Describe the system's valid states and transitions.","questions":["Which transitions can the player trigger, and under what conditions?","Is there a state that cannot be exited in the expected way?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The State Machine","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-028"},{"id":"schell-034","number":"34","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Skill","description":"Identify the physical, mental and social skills used in play.","questions":["Which skill explains the difference between a beginner and an expert?","Does the game provide a safe way to practice that skill?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Skill","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-034"},{"id":"deterding-skill-atoms","number":null,"theme":"rules","sourceId":"deterding","title":"Intrinsic Skill Atoms","description":"Examine an inherent challenge as a loop of goals, actions, rules and feedback.","questions":["Which skill develops through repeated interaction with this loop?","Which difficulties belong to the activity itself, and which come from a cumbersome system?"],"referenceUrl":"https://gamefuldesign.wordpress.com/","originalTitle":"Intrinsic Skill Atoms","author":"Sebastian Deterding","sourceTitle":"Deterding: intrinsic skill atoms","sourceUrl":"https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-lens-of-intrinsic-skill-atoms-a-method-for-gameful-design/","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#deterding-skill-atoms"},{"id":"schell-026","number":"26","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Functional Space","description":"Model space through the connections and constraints on actions.","questions":["Which positions offer different possibilities despite looking similar?","How do boundaries and transitions between areas change strategy?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Functional Space","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-026"},{"id":"schell-027","number":"27","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Time","description":"Treat duration, order and pacing as parts of the rules.","questions":["Which decisions change when time speeds up or slows down?","Where does waiting create tension, and where does it merely delay play?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Time","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-027"},{"id":"schell-030","number":"30","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Emergence","description":"Look for complex behavior arising from simple interactions.","questions":["What unexpected ways of playing arise from combined rules?","Could richer interactions replace an additional standalone feature?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Emergence","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-030"},{"id":"schell-036","number":"36","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Chance","description":"Examine the role of uncertainty and how probabilities are understood.","questions":["How does randomness affect decisions before an event and reactions afterward?","Can the player manage risk or merely wait for the outcome?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Chance","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-036"},{"id":"schell-035","number":"35","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Expected Value","description":"Compare an outcome's likelihood with the value of its result.","questions":["What are the average gains and losses of each risky decision?","Does that calculation match the value perceived by the player?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Expected Value","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-035"},{"id":"schell-029","number":"29","theme":"rules","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Secrets","description":"Distribute information deliberately between the system and players.","questions":["Who knows an important fact, and who can discover it?","Does hidden information create an interesting inference or a random mistake?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Secrets","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-029"},{"id":"schell-039","number":"39","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Meaningful Choices","description":"Give decisions distinct consequences and real tradeoffs.","questions":["Are there situations in which each offered option is useful?","How can the player understand a choice's cost before making it?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Meaningful Choices","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-039"},{"id":"schell-038","number":"38","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Challenge","description":"Adjust difficulty to skill growth and the intended experience.","questions":["How does the player understand a failure and the next improvement to try?","Can difficulty change without losing the essence of the challenge?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Challenge","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-038"},{"id":"schell-053","number":"53","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Balance","description":"Tune relationships between elements to support the intended experience.","questions":["Which strategy crowds out the others, and under what conditions?","How would a balance change affect beginners and experts differently?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Balance","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-053"},{"id":"schell-037","number":"37","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Fairness","description":"Align the conditions of success with the mode's promise.","questions":["What advantages do participants have before competition begins?","Does the audience consider those differences appropriate for this mode?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Fairness","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-037"},{"id":"schell-048","number":"48","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Simplicity/Complexity","description":"Distinguish complicated rules from deep resulting decisions.","questions":["Which rule could be removed while preserving interesting decisions?","Which simple interaction generates varied situations?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Simplicity/Complexity","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-048"},{"id":"schell-041","number":"41","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Skill vs. Chance","description":"Choose a balance of control and uncertainty that suits the audience.","questions":["How often does the stronger player lose because of an uncontrollable event?","Does that result support the intended tension or undermine trust?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Skill vs. Chance","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-041"},{"id":"schell-046","number":"46","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Reward","description":"Choose the reward's form and timing to fit the player's action.","questions":["What valuable feedback does this reward provide?","Does it encourage the intended play or incidental point farming?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Reward","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-046"},{"id":"schell-047","number":"47","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Punishment","description":"Examine what a loss teaches and how much time it costs.","questions":["What does the player understand after a penalty that they did not know before?","Are the consequences proportionate to the error and recovery options?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Punishment","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-047"},{"id":"schell-049","number":"49","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Elegance","description":"Seek elements that serve several coherent purposes.","questions":["Could one element support learning, strategy and theme?","Which standalone system duplicates something already present?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Elegance","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-049"},{"id":"schell-052","number":"52","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Economy","description":"Review how game value is produced, spent and exchanged.","questions":["Which sources and sinks control the amount of a resource?","Do spending decisions remain interesting late in the game?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Economy","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-052"},{"id":"schell-042","number":"42","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Head and Hands","description":"Balance thought with the physical execution of actions.","questions":["Where does success require planning, and where does it require precise execution?","Can a player's strength compensate for a weakness within suitable limits?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Head and Hands","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-042"},{"id":"schell-043","number":"43","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Competition","description":"Make comparisons of performance understandable and motivating.","questions":["What are rivals comparing, and how much depends on their actions?","What encourages the losing player to try again?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Competition","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-043"},{"id":"schell-044","number":"44","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Cooperation","description":"Create reasons to coordinate and help one another.","questions":["How does one player's contribution expand another's options?","Can a participant remain useful despite a skill gap?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Cooperation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-044"},{"id":"schell-045","number":"45","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Competition vs. Cooperation","description":"Examine how shared and opposing interests interact.","questions":["When is helping beneficial, and when is competing beneficial?","Does an individual reward undermine the team's shared goal?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Competition vs. Cooperation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-045"},{"id":"schell-040","number":"40","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Triangularity","description":"Compare a small safe gain with a larger risky one.","questions":["What does the player gain by choosing a dangerous route over a safe one?","Does the best choice change with the current situation?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Triangularity","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-040"},{"id":"schell-050","number":"50","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Character","description":"Preserve expressive quirks that distinguish the game from a generic design.","questions":["Which unusual property makes the game recognizable?","Does the rough edge being fixed hinder play or give the game character?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Character","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-050"},{"id":"schell-051","number":"51","theme":"balance","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Imagination","description":"Decide what to show explicitly and what players can imagine.","questions":["Which gaps will players willingly fill with their imagination?","Where does missing information obscure a required action?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Imagination","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-051"},{"id":"schell-059","number":"59","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Control","description":"Check whether intention, action and outcome feel connected.","questions":["Does a familiar command produce the expected result?","Where does latency or a restriction make control feel lost?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Control","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-059"},{"id":"schell-063","number":"63","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Feedback","description":"Communicate state and action consequences at the right time.","questions":["How does the player distinguish an accepted command from an ignored one?","Does the system's response help the player choose their next action?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Feedback","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-063"},{"id":"schell-062","number":"62","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Transparency","description":"Make controls understandable enough for attention to remain on play.","questions":["When does the player stop thinking about the interface and focus on the problem?","Which operation repeatedly draws attention back to the controls?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Transparency","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-062"},{"id":"schell-060","number":"60","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Physical Interface","description":"Consider the player's actual devices and body.","questions":["Is a frequent action comfortable on the intended device?","How do grip, effort or fatigue affect available controls?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Physical Interface","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-060"},{"id":"schell-061","number":"61","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Virtual Interface","description":"Organize on-screen elements around the player's decisions.","questions":["What information must be visible at the moment of choice?","Which element consumes attention without helping action?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Virtual Interface","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-061"},{"id":"schell-054","number":"54","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Accessibility","description":"Let players begin solving a problem without an insurmountable entry barrier.","questions":["Is there an understandable first step toward solving the puzzle?","What hint helps players begin while preserving their own discovery?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Accessibility","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-054"},{"id":"schell-055","number":"55","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Visible Progress","description":"Make progress toward a goal visible, especially in longer tasks.","questions":["What changed after the player's effort, and can they see it?","How can partial success be shown without revealing the whole solution?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Visible Progress","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-055"},{"id":"schell-058","number":"58","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Puzzle","description":"Create an understandable problem with discovery rather than hidden-demand guessing.","questions":["What insight allows the player to move from being stuck to solving it?","Is there enough observable evidence to reach that insight?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Puzzle","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-058"},{"id":"schell-066","number":"66","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Channels and Dimensions","description":"Distribute information across visual, audio and other signals.","questions":["Which messages compete within the same perceptual channel?","Can important states be distinguished without confusing their signals?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Channels and Dimensions","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-066"},{"id":"schell-067","number":"67","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Modes","description":"Show when the same controls change meaning.","questions":["How does the player recognize the current mode before acting?","Can a mode switch causing repeated errors be removed?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Modes","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-067"},{"id":"schell-067-5","number":"67½","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-third","title":"Metaphor","description":"Check whether a familiar comparison makes an interface understandable.","questions":["What expectations does the metaphor create, and does the game satisfy them?","Where would abandoning the metaphor make interaction clearer?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/67_5/?lang=en","originalTitle":"Metaphor","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: third-edition additions","sourceUrl":"https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-067-5"},{"id":"schell-064","number":"64","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Juiciness","description":"Amplify an action's feel through expressive, coherent feedback.","questions":["How do sound, motion and visuals emphasize a meaningful moment?","Do abundant effects obscure an important signal?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Juiciness","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-064"},{"id":"schell-065","number":"65","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Primality","description":"Use immediate human responses deliberately.","questions":["Which image or sound evokes a response before rules are explained?","Does that response support what is happening?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Primality","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-065"},{"id":"schell-056","number":"56","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Parallelism","description":"Offer multiple problems players can switch between.","questions":["What can the player explore when stuck on the main problem?","Do all available branches require the same missing knowledge?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Parallelism","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-056"},{"id":"schell-057","number":"57","theme":"interface","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Pyramid","description":"Combine learned pieces into a culminating challenge.","questions":["Which earlier solutions provide material for the final challenge?","Does the player understand the links before needing to combine them?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Pyramid","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-057"},{"id":"schell-103","number":"103","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Playtesting","description":"Test important questions by observing actual play.","questions":["Which assumption should the next playtest examine?","What observation would distinguish support from a polite reaction?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Playtesting","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-103"},{"id":"schell-101","number":"101","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Team","description":"Align the concept, responsibilities and ways of collaborating.","questions":["Can team members explain the current version's goal consistently?","Where does a decision stall because responsibility is unclear?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Team","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-101"},{"id":"schell-104","number":"104","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Technology","description":"Evaluate technology through its effect on the concept and process.","questions":["Which game requirement makes this technology necessary?","Which tool limitations should be tested in a prototype?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Technology","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-104"},{"id":"schell-102","number":"102","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Documentation","description":"Write documents for a specific decision and reader.","questions":["Who needs this document, and what action does it support?","Which part has already drifted from the current game?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Documentation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-102"},{"id":"schell-100","number":"100","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Love","description":"Examine care for the project as expressed through concrete actions.","questions":["Which decision shows the team's care for the player's experience?","What helps sustain that care during routine work?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Love","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-100"},{"id":"schell-107","number":"107","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Client","description":"Distinguish the client's stated request from their underlying need.","questions":["What outcome is the client trying to achieve through this feature?","What check would show that the outcome has been achieved?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Client","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-107"},{"id":"schell-109","number":"109","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Profit","description":"Connect revenue, costs and sales volume to testable assumptions.","questions":["How many sales are needed to cover development and distribution?","What verified evidence supports the demand forecast?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Profit","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-109"},{"id":"schell-108","number":"108","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Pitch","description":"Prepare an explanation for a specific audience and decision.","questions":["What should the listener understand and decide after the pitch?","Which demonstration supports the main promise better than a description?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Pitch","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-108"},{"id":"schell-105","number":"105","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Crystal Ball","description":"Treat future changes as assumptions with explicit uncertainty.","questions":["Which anticipated change will affect release or maintenance?","How can dependence on a possibly wrong forecast be reduced?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Crystal Ball","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-105"},{"id":"schell-106","number":"106","theme":"production","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Utopia","description":"Consider the positive possibility the game brings into the world.","questions":["What becomes possible for people because of this game?","Can that contribution be observed beyond the creator's promise?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Utopia","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-106"},{"id":"schell-069","number":"69","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Interest Curve","description":"Distribute rising tension, peaks and pauses over time.","questions":["Where does a tester's attention rise and fall during a session?","Is there enough quieter time between intense episodes?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Interest Curve","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-069"},{"id":"schell-078","number":"78","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Story","description":"Connect narrative to player actions, goals and consequences.","questions":["What does the player learn through action rather than explanation?","Does the story support what the rules encourage players to do?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Story","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-078"},{"id":"schell-079","number":"79","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Freedom","description":"Clarify where the player can genuinely choose.","questions":["Which decisions change play, and which merely imply choice?","Which restrictions aid orientation rather than feeling arbitrary?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Freedom","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-079"},{"id":"schell-068","number":"68","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Moments","description":"Identify brief episodes players will remember.","questions":["Which moment does a tester describe first after a session?","What prepares that moment and allows it to stand out?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Moments","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-068"},{"id":"schell-070","number":"70","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Inherent Interest","description":"Look for interest inherent in the subject and situation.","questions":["What attracts attention before rewards and progression are introduced?","How does player action let them explore that interest?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Inherent Interest","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-070"},{"id":"schell-074","number":"74","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Obstacle","description":"Create obstacles that make achieving a goal meaningful.","questions":["Why does overcoming this obstacle matter to the player?","Does the challenge reveal the protagonist or merely delay progress?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Obstacle","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-074"},{"id":"schell-080","number":"80","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Help","description":"Examine whom the protagonist helps and why that matters to the player.","questions":["Who benefits from the player's actions?","How does the game show help's outcome beyond merely promising it?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Help","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-080"},{"id":"schell-084","number":"84","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The World","description":"Create a coherent world worth exploring beyond its plot.","questions":["Which patterns in the world can players notice and test?","What connects separate places and stories into a coherent whole?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The World","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-084"},{"id":"schell-083","number":"83","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Fantasy","description":"Examine the wish a player can inhabit within the game world.","questions":["Who does the player want to become, and what do they want to do?","Which required mechanic undermines that role?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Fantasy","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-083"},{"id":"schell-073","number":"73","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Story Machine","description":"Examine stories emerging from actions and consequences.","questions":["Which episode can a player retell as their own story?","Which rules create different dramatic consequences across sessions?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Story Machine","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-073"},{"id":"schell-081","number":"81","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Indirect Control","description":"Guide attention through space, goals and cues.","questions":["Which detail encourages the intended route without a direct command?","Does the player retain a sense of making their own decision?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Indirect Control","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-081"},{"id":"schell-072","number":"72","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Projection","description":"Help the player imagine occupying the protagonist's position.","questions":["What links the player's intention to the character's action?","Where does the character act in a way that breaks that identification?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Projection","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-072"},{"id":"schell-076","number":"76","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Hero's Journey","description":"Use the journey structure to examine growth rather than as a mandatory template.","questions":["How do challenges change the protagonist from beginning to end?","Which stage helps the game, and which exists only to satisfy a template?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Hero's Journey","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-076"},{"id":"schell-075","number":"75","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Simplicity and Transcendence","description":"Combine a recognizable foundation with an extraordinary scale or possibility.","questions":["What simple conflict makes events immediately understandable?","How does the game transcend the ordinary experience of that conflict?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Simplicity and Transcendence","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-075"},{"id":"schell-071","number":"71","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Beauty","description":"Use aesthetic choices to enrich the experience.","questions":["Which detail makes players want to pause and examine it?","Does beauty coexist with clear player action?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Beauty","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-071"},{"id":"schell-077","number":"77","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Weirdest Thing","description":"Review the world's most unusual premise for clarity and consistency.","questions":["What seems least plausible to new players?","What internal logic makes that premise acceptable?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Weirdest Thing","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-077"},{"id":"schell-082","number":"82","theme":"story","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Collusion","description":"Coordinate the world and its characters to support the intended experience.","questions":["How do the environment and characters jointly support the player's path?","Where does that coordination become conspicuous and break plausibility?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Collusion","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-082"},{"id":"schell-086","number":"86","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Character Function","description":"Give each character a clear role in the system and narrative.","questions":["How would play change if this character were removed?","Could duplicate roles be combined without losing meaning?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Character Function","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-086"},{"id":"schell-085","number":"85","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Avatar","description":"Shape the relationship between the player and their in-world representation.","questions":["Which avatar traits help the player accept it as their representation?","What can be expressed through the avatar, and what is fixed by the game?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Avatar","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-085"},{"id":"schell-087","number":"87","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Character Traits","description":"Express character traits through observable behavior.","questions":["Which actions reveal a trait without stating it explicitly?","Does it appear consistently across different circumstances?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Character Traits","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-087"},{"id":"schell-089","number":"89","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Character Web","description":"Examine character relationships as sources of conflict and change.","questions":["Which relationships change the characters' decisions?","How will the relationship network change after the player's action?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Character Web","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-089"},{"id":"schell-091","number":"91","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Character Transformation","description":"Make character development a consequence of experienced events.","questions":["Which decision shows that the character has changed?","Do earlier events prepare that change?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Character Transformation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-091"},{"id":"schell-092","number":"92","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Inner Contradiction","description":"Use conflicting desires and values to give a character depth.","questions":["Which two things important to the character cannot both be preserved?","Which action will reveal that conflict?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Inner Contradiction","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-092"},{"id":"schell-094","number":"94","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Atmosphere","description":"Coordinate sensory details to support the intended mood.","questions":["What mood do light, sound, pacing and surroundings create together?","Which element conflicts with that mood?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Atmosphere","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-094"},{"id":"schell-093-5","number":"93½","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-third","title":"Presence","description":"Examine the feeling of being inside the world, especially in VR and AR.","questions":["When does the player feel genuinely located within the world?","Which response or inconsistent detail breaks that feeling?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/93_5/?lang=en","originalTitle":"Presence","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: third-edition additions","sourceUrl":"https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-093-5"},{"id":"schell-095","number":"95","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Spectation","description":"Make play understandable and interesting to a spectator.","questions":["Can a spectator understand the goal, risk and success without controlling play?","Which moments are easy to discuss or show to others?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Spectation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-095"},{"id":"schell-088","number":"88","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Interpersonal Circumplex","description":"Consider behavior along dominance and friendliness dimensions.","questions":["How does the character's stance differ around a friend and an opponent?","Do speech and actions express that relationship style?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Interpersonal Circumplex","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-088"},{"id":"schell-090","number":"90","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Status","description":"Show characters' relative standing and how it changes.","questions":["Who holds influence in a scene, and how is that visible?","How does a status change affect behavior and player options?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Status","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-090"},{"id":"schell-093","number":"93","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Nameless Quality","description":"Look for a sense of a living whole created by coherent details.","questions":["What makes the world feel convincing beyond the main task?","Which detail feels mechanical and disrupts the whole?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Nameless Quality","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-093"},{"id":"schell-095-5","number":"95½","theme":"world","sourceId":"schell-third","title":"Cheatability","description":"Review ways to bypass the rules and trust in game outcomes.","questions":["Can someone gain an advantage outside the rules, and would it be noticed?","What allows players to trust the fairness of results?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/95_5/?lang=en","originalTitle":"Cheatability","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: third-edition additions","sourceUrl":"https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-095-5"},{"id":"schell-098","number":"98","theme":"social","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Community","description":"Support shared interests, norms and sustainable roles.","questions":["What connects participants beyond being present at the same time?","How does a newcomer understand the norms and find a useful role?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Community","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-098"},{"id":"schell-096","number":"96","theme":"social","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Friendship","description":"Create opportunities to meet people and strengthen relationships.","questions":["What lets players meet regularly and get to know one another?","How does the system support continued contact after a shared task?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Friendship","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-096"},{"id":"schell-099","number":"99","theme":"social","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Griefing","description":"Examine ways players can disrupt others for disruption's sake.","questions":["How could a permitted action ruin another person's session?","Can harm be limited without eliminating useful interaction?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Griefing","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-099"},{"id":"schell-097","number":"97","theme":"social","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Expression","description":"Let players express preferences through meaningful actions.","questions":["What can a player do in their own way while remaining understandable to others?","Does the result reflect a personal choice or merely the amount spent?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Expression","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-097"},{"id":"schell-111","number":"111","theme":"purpose","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Responsibility","description":"Take responsibility for the consequences of design choices.","questions":["Who is affected by this decision, and how?","What observable harm calls for a design change?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Responsibility","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-111"},{"id":"schell-110","number":"110","theme":"purpose","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Transformation","description":"Consider how the experience affects someone after play.","questions":["What change in knowledge, habits or attitudes might play produce?","How could beneficial and unwanted effects of that change be examined?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Transformation","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-110"},{"id":"schell-113","number":"113","theme":"purpose","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"Your Secret Purpose","description":"Name the personal purpose behind creating the game.","questions":["What personal motive am I pursuing through this project?","Does today's work align with that motive?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"Your Secret Purpose","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-113"},{"id":"schell-112","number":"112","theme":"purpose","sourceId":"schell-second","title":"The Raven","description":"Relate limited time to the value of the work.","questions":["Is this project worth time that cannot be recovered?","Which work should stop so that what matters can be preserved?"],"referenceUrl":"https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/","originalTitle":"The Raven","author":"Jesse Schell","sourceTitle":"Schell: 113 second-edition lenses","sourceUrl":"https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design","url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-112"}],"counts":{"total":117,"schell":116,"additional":1},"url":"https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/","markdownUrl":"https://gamemechanics.pro/content/lenses/en/game-design.md","license":"CC-BY-4.0","codeLicense":"MIT","attribution":"gamemechanics.pro contributors","provenance":"Original editorial explanations and review questions based on the user-selected Schell notes and attributed primary references. External concepts and source material retain their rights.","body":"# Game-design lenses\n\nA lens focuses attention on one aspect of a game and prompts useful questions. Choose a few lenses for the current problem, test your answers through play and record the next experiment.\n\nThe concise explanations and review questions are original gamemechanics.pro wording. This is an independent reference, not a translation of the cards or a substitute for the book. Names, concepts and external material remain their authors’ work.\n\n## Experience and emotions\n\n### 2. Essential Experience\n\nid: schell-002\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nIdentify the experience that gives the game its purpose.\n\n- How would you describe its essential experience without listing features?\n- Which mechanic expresses that experience, and which dilutes it?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-002)\n\n### 5. Fun\n\nid: schell-005\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nFind the specific actions players want to repeat.\n\n- Which action does a tester repeat voluntarily?\n- What would be lost if its most enjoyable moment were removed?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-005)\n\n### 1. Emotion\n\nid: schell-001\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDesign the player's feelings alongside the sequence of events.\n\n- What emotional change should one session create?\n- Where does a playtest reveal a different feeling, and what causes it?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-001)\n\n### 8. Problem Solving\n\nid: schell-008\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nView play as problems the player learns to solve.\n\n- What problem does the player's next action address?\n- Do combinations of rules create new problems beyond additional levels?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-008)\n\n### 6. Curiosity\n\nid: schell-006\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nSustain questions players want to answer through play.\n\n- What does the player want to discover after first encountering the game?\n- How does answering one question reveal another interesting one?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-006)\n\n### 7. Endogenous Value\n\nid: schell-007\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConnect points and items to things that matter within the rules.\n\n- What useful decision does this item make possible?\n- Does the reward remain desirable after its novelty wears off?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-007)\n\n### 4. Surprise\n\nid: schell-004\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCreate unexpected events that make sense once they happen.\n\n- Which player expectation does the game disrupt in an interesting way?\n- Can a player create an unexpected situation for themselves or an opponent?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-004)\n\n### 3. Venue\n\nid: schell-003\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConsider the physical and social setting in which play happens.\n\n- What surrounds the player, and how much attention can they give?\n- How do noise, screen size or other people change the session?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-003)\n\n## Player and motivation\n\n### 19. The Player\n\nid: schell-019\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDesign for specific people and play contexts.\n\n- What does the intended audience already know and expect?\n- Which interface element assumes experience that audience lacks?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-019)\n\n### 23. Motivation\n\nid: schell-023\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nUnderstand why a player starts and sustains an action.\n\n- What motivates continued play after the stated goal is complete?\n- Which external reward displaces interest in the action itself?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-023)\n\n### 22. Needs\n\nid: schell-022\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConnect the experience to the intended audience's needs.\n\n- What need does this mode or reward support?\n- Does the system demand something that conflicts with the player's need?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-022)\n\n### 21. Flow\n\nid: schell-021\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nAlign a clear goal, focused attention and an achievable challenge.\n\n- Where is the player bored, and where do they lose a path to success?\n- How does the next step build on the skill already learned?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-021)\n\n### 20. Pleasure\n\nid: schell-020\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDistinguish pleasures such as exploration, connection and mastery.\n\n- What kinds of pleasure do different actions provide?\n- Which pleasure valued by the audience lacks support?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-020)\n\n### 25. Judgment\n\nid: schell-025\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine how the game judges actions and communicates results.\n\n- Does the player understand which action earned that evaluation?\n- Does evaluation help improvement or merely announce failure?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-025)\n\n### 24. Novelty\n\nid: schell-024\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nOffer a noticeable difference that matters during play.\n\n- What feels new to the player, and how does it change decisions?\n- Does that feature remain interesting once it becomes familiar?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-024)\n\n## Concept and ideas\n\n### 14. The Problem Statement\n\nid: schell-014\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDefine the design problem before choosing a solution.\n\n- What observable result are we trying to create for the player?\n- Which current feature does not help solve that problem?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-014)\n\n### 9. The Elemental Tetrad\n\nid: schell-009\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nAlign mechanics, story, aesthetics and technology.\n\n- How does each of the four elements support the essential experience?\n- Where does improving one element undermine another?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-009)\n\n### 16. Risk Mitigation\n\nid: schell-016\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nTest risky assumptions before expensive development.\n\n- Which mistaken assumption would make the project unviable?\n- Which inexpensive experiment would test that assumption directly?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-016)\n\n### 15. The Eight Filters\n\nid: schell-015\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nReview the concept from creative, audience, technical and business perspectives.\n\n- Does the idea pass reviews of taste, audience, design, novelty, business, technology, social fit and playtesting?\n- Which failed review requires a concept change rather than cosmetic polish?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-015)\n\n### 11. Unification\n\nid: schell-011\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCheck whether details reinforce a shared theme.\n\n- What shared promise connects rules, sound and visuals?\n- Which detail feels out of place, and what could replace it?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-011)\n\n### 17. The Toy\n\nid: schell-017\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCheck whether interaction is enjoyable without a required goal.\n\n- Is interacting still appealing when victory and scoring are disabled?\n- Which system property invites experimentation?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-017)\n\n### 10. Holographic Design\n\nid: schell-010\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConnect the game's structure to the player's experience of it.\n\n- How does a rule change affect feelings, story and presentation?\n- Can a tester's impression be traced to a specific combination of elements?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-010)\n\n### 12. Resonance\n\nid: schell-012\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nLook for ideas that produce a strong personal response.\n\n- Which part of the concept resonates most with its creator and audience?\n- What player action could convey that response?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-012)\n\n### 13. Infinite Inspiration\n\nid: schell-013\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDraw inspiration from experiences beyond other games.\n\n- What experience outside games suggests an unusual rule or feeling?\n- What matters most when translating it into play?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-013)\n\n### 18. Passion\n\nid: schell-018\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCheck whether interest in the concept can sustain the work.\n\n- Which part of the game keeps the team interested after setbacks?\n- Does that interest align with what attracts the player?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-018)\n\n## Rules and systems\n\n### 32. Goals\n\nid: schell-032\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nMake goals understandable, attainable and appealing to the player.\n\n- Can the player explain the immediate and overall goal?\n- Which goal allows several meaningful ways to achieve it?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-032)\n\n### 31. Action\n\nid: schell-031\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDistinguish available commands from the strategies they enable.\n\n- What can the player do, and what decisions emerge from combining actions?\n- Which action is rarely used, and why is it still needed?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-031)\n\n### 33. Rules\n\nid: schell-033\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nReview explicit restrictions and rules silently enforced by the system.\n\n- Which rules must the player know before the first important decision?\n- Where does a rule's implementation differ from the game's explanation?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-033)\n\n### 28. The State Machine\n\nid: schell-028\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDescribe the system's valid states and transitions.\n\n- Which transitions can the player trigger, and under what conditions?\n- Is there a state that cannot be exited in the expected way?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-028)\n\n### 34. Skill\n\nid: schell-034\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nIdentify the physical, mental and social skills used in play.\n\n- Which skill explains the difference between a beginner and an expert?\n- Does the game provide a safe way to practice that skill?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-034)\n\n### Intrinsic Skill Atoms\n\nid: deterding-skill-atoms\nAuthor: Sebastian Deterding\nSource: [Deterding: intrinsic skill atoms](https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-lens-of-intrinsic-skill-atoms-a-method-for-gameful-design/)\n\nExamine an inherent challenge as a loop of goals, actions, rules and feedback.\n\n- Which skill develops through repeated interaction with this loop?\n- Which difficulties belong to the activity itself, and which come from a cumbersome system?\n\n[Original reference](https://gamefuldesign.wordpress.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#deterding-skill-atoms)\n\n### 26. Functional Space\n\nid: schell-026\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nModel space through the connections and constraints on actions.\n\n- Which positions offer different possibilities despite looking similar?\n- How do boundaries and transitions between areas change strategy?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-026)\n\n### 27. Time\n\nid: schell-027\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nTreat duration, order and pacing as parts of the rules.\n\n- Which decisions change when time speeds up or slows down?\n- Where does waiting create tension, and where does it merely delay play?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-027)\n\n### 30. Emergence\n\nid: schell-030\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nLook for complex behavior arising from simple interactions.\n\n- What unexpected ways of playing arise from combined rules?\n- Could richer interactions replace an additional standalone feature?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-030)\n\n### 36. Chance\n\nid: schell-036\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine the role of uncertainty and how probabilities are understood.\n\n- How does randomness affect decisions before an event and reactions afterward?\n- Can the player manage risk or merely wait for the outcome?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-036)\n\n### 35. Expected Value\n\nid: schell-035\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCompare an outcome's likelihood with the value of its result.\n\n- What are the average gains and losses of each risky decision?\n- Does that calculation match the value perceived by the player?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-035)\n\n### 29. Secrets\n\nid: schell-029\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDistribute information deliberately between the system and players.\n\n- Who knows an important fact, and who can discover it?\n- Does hidden information create an interesting inference or a random mistake?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-029)\n\n## Choices and balance\n\n### 39. Meaningful Choices\n\nid: schell-039\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nGive decisions distinct consequences and real tradeoffs.\n\n- Are there situations in which each offered option is useful?\n- How can the player understand a choice's cost before making it?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-039)\n\n### 38. Challenge\n\nid: schell-038\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nAdjust difficulty to skill growth and the intended experience.\n\n- How does the player understand a failure and the next improvement to try?\n- Can difficulty change without losing the essence of the challenge?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-038)\n\n### 53. Balance\n\nid: schell-053\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nTune relationships between elements to support the intended experience.\n\n- Which strategy crowds out the others, and under what conditions?\n- How would a balance change affect beginners and experts differently?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-053)\n\n### 37. Fairness\n\nid: schell-037\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nAlign the conditions of success with the mode's promise.\n\n- What advantages do participants have before competition begins?\n- Does the audience consider those differences appropriate for this mode?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-037)\n\n### 48. Simplicity/Complexity\n\nid: schell-048\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDistinguish complicated rules from deep resulting decisions.\n\n- Which rule could be removed while preserving interesting decisions?\n- Which simple interaction generates varied situations?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-048)\n\n### 41. Skill vs. Chance\n\nid: schell-041\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nChoose a balance of control and uncertainty that suits the audience.\n\n- How often does the stronger player lose because of an uncontrollable event?\n- Does that result support the intended tension or undermine trust?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-041)\n\n### 46. Reward\n\nid: schell-046\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nChoose the reward's form and timing to fit the player's action.\n\n- What valuable feedback does this reward provide?\n- Does it encourage the intended play or incidental point farming?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-046)\n\n### 47. Punishment\n\nid: schell-047\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine what a loss teaches and how much time it costs.\n\n- What does the player understand after a penalty that they did not know before?\n- Are the consequences proportionate to the error and recovery options?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-047)\n\n### 49. Elegance\n\nid: schell-049\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nSeek elements that serve several coherent purposes.\n\n- Could one element support learning, strategy and theme?\n- Which standalone system duplicates something already present?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-049)\n\n### 52. Economy\n\nid: schell-052\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nReview how game value is produced, spent and exchanged.\n\n- Which sources and sinks control the amount of a resource?\n- Do spending decisions remain interesting late in the game?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-052)\n\n### 42. Head and Hands\n\nid: schell-042\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nBalance thought with the physical execution of actions.\n\n- Where does success require planning, and where does it require precise execution?\n- Can a player's strength compensate for a weakness within suitable limits?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-042)\n\n### 43. Competition\n\nid: schell-043\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nMake comparisons of performance understandable and motivating.\n\n- What are rivals comparing, and how much depends on their actions?\n- What encourages the losing player to try again?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-043)\n\n### 44. Cooperation\n\nid: schell-044\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCreate reasons to coordinate and help one another.\n\n- How does one player's contribution expand another's options?\n- Can a participant remain useful despite a skill gap?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-044)\n\n### 45. Competition vs. Cooperation\n\nid: schell-045\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine how shared and opposing interests interact.\n\n- When is helping beneficial, and when is competing beneficial?\n- Does an individual reward undermine the team's shared goal?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-045)\n\n### 40. Triangularity\n\nid: schell-040\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCompare a small safe gain with a larger risky one.\n\n- What does the player gain by choosing a dangerous route over a safe one?\n- Does the best choice change with the current situation?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-040)\n\n### 50. Character\n\nid: schell-050\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nPreserve expressive quirks that distinguish the game from a generic design.\n\n- Which unusual property makes the game recognizable?\n- Does the rough edge being fixed hinder play or give the game character?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-050)\n\n### 51. Imagination\n\nid: schell-051\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDecide what to show explicitly and what players can imagine.\n\n- Which gaps will players willingly fill with their imagination?\n- Where does missing information obscure a required action?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-051)\n\n## Puzzles and interfaces\n\n### 59. Control\n\nid: schell-059\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCheck whether intention, action and outcome feel connected.\n\n- Does a familiar command produce the expected result?\n- Where does latency or a restriction make control feel lost?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-059)\n\n### 63. Feedback\n\nid: schell-063\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCommunicate state and action consequences at the right time.\n\n- How does the player distinguish an accepted command from an ignored one?\n- Does the system's response help the player choose their next action?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-063)\n\n### 62. Transparency\n\nid: schell-062\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nMake controls understandable enough for attention to remain on play.\n\n- When does the player stop thinking about the interface and focus on the problem?\n- Which operation repeatedly draws attention back to the controls?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-062)\n\n### 60. Physical Interface\n\nid: schell-060\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConsider the player's actual devices and body.\n\n- Is a frequent action comfortable on the intended device?\n- How do grip, effort or fatigue affect available controls?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-060)\n\n### 61. Virtual Interface\n\nid: schell-061\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nOrganize on-screen elements around the player's decisions.\n\n- What information must be visible at the moment of choice?\n- Which element consumes attention without helping action?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-061)\n\n### 54. Accessibility\n\nid: schell-054\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nLet players begin solving a problem without an insurmountable entry barrier.\n\n- Is there an understandable first step toward solving the puzzle?\n- What hint helps players begin while preserving their own discovery?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-054)\n\n### 55. Visible Progress\n\nid: schell-055\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nMake progress toward a goal visible, especially in longer tasks.\n\n- What changed after the player's effort, and can they see it?\n- How can partial success be shown without revealing the whole solution?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-055)\n\n### 58. The Puzzle\n\nid: schell-058\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCreate an understandable problem with discovery rather than hidden-demand guessing.\n\n- What insight allows the player to move from being stuck to solving it?\n- Is there enough observable evidence to reach that insight?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-058)\n\n### 66. Channels and Dimensions\n\nid: schell-066\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDistribute information across visual, audio and other signals.\n\n- Which messages compete within the same perceptual channel?\n- Can important states be distinguished without confusing their signals?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-066)\n\n### 67. Modes\n\nid: schell-067\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nShow when the same controls change meaning.\n\n- How does the player recognize the current mode before acting?\n- Can a mode switch causing repeated errors be removed?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-067)\n\n### 67½. Metaphor\n\nid: schell-067-5\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: third-edition additions](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf)\n\nCheck whether a familiar comparison makes an interface understandable.\n\n- What expectations does the metaphor create, and does the game satisfy them?\n- Where would abandoning the metaphor make interaction clearer?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/67_5/?lang=en) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-067-5)\n\n### 64. Juiciness\n\nid: schell-064\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nAmplify an action's feel through expressive, coherent feedback.\n\n- How do sound, motion and visuals emphasize a meaningful moment?\n- Do abundant effects obscure an important signal?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-064)\n\n### 65. Primality\n\nid: schell-065\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nUse immediate human responses deliberately.\n\n- Which image or sound evokes a response before rules are explained?\n- Does that response support what is happening?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-065)\n\n### 56. Parallelism\n\nid: schell-056\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nOffer multiple problems players can switch between.\n\n- What can the player explore when stuck on the main problem?\n- Do all available branches require the same missing knowledge?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-056)\n\n### 57. The Pyramid\n\nid: schell-057\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCombine learned pieces into a culminating challenge.\n\n- Which earlier solutions provide material for the final challenge?\n- Does the player understand the links before needing to combine them?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-057)\n\n## Team and release\n\n### 103. Playtesting\n\nid: schell-103\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nTest important questions by observing actual play.\n\n- Which assumption should the next playtest examine?\n- What observation would distinguish support from a polite reaction?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-103)\n\n### 101. The Team\n\nid: schell-101\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nAlign the concept, responsibilities and ways of collaborating.\n\n- Can team members explain the current version's goal consistently?\n- Where does a decision stall because responsibility is unclear?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-101)\n\n### 104. Technology\n\nid: schell-104\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nEvaluate technology through its effect on the concept and process.\n\n- Which game requirement makes this technology necessary?\n- Which tool limitations should be tested in a prototype?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-104)\n\n### 102. Documentation\n\nid: schell-102\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nWrite documents for a specific decision and reader.\n\n- Who needs this document, and what action does it support?\n- Which part has already drifted from the current game?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-102)\n\n### 100. Love\n\nid: schell-100\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine care for the project as expressed through concrete actions.\n\n- Which decision shows the team's care for the player's experience?\n- What helps sustain that care during routine work?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-100)\n\n### 107. The Client\n\nid: schell-107\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDistinguish the client's stated request from their underlying need.\n\n- What outcome is the client trying to achieve through this feature?\n- What check would show that the outcome has been achieved?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-107)\n\n### 109. Profit\n\nid: schell-109\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConnect revenue, costs and sales volume to testable assumptions.\n\n- How many sales are needed to cover development and distribution?\n- What verified evidence supports the demand forecast?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-109)\n\n### 108. The Pitch\n\nid: schell-108\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nPrepare an explanation for a specific audience and decision.\n\n- What should the listener understand and decide after the pitch?\n- Which demonstration supports the main promise better than a description?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-108)\n\n### 105. The Crystal Ball\n\nid: schell-105\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nTreat future changes as assumptions with explicit uncertainty.\n\n- Which anticipated change will affect release or maintenance?\n- How can dependence on a possibly wrong forecast be reduced?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-105)\n\n### 106. Utopia\n\nid: schell-106\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConsider the positive possibility the game brings into the world.\n\n- What becomes possible for people because of this game?\n- Can that contribution be observed beyond the creator's promise?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-106)\n\n## Interest and story\n\n### 69. The Interest Curve\n\nid: schell-069\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nDistribute rising tension, peaks and pauses over time.\n\n- Where does a tester's attention rise and fall during a session?\n- Is there enough quieter time between intense episodes?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-069)\n\n### 78. Story\n\nid: schell-078\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConnect narrative to player actions, goals and consequences.\n\n- What does the player learn through action rather than explanation?\n- Does the story support what the rules encourage players to do?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-078)\n\n### 79. Freedom\n\nid: schell-079\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nClarify where the player can genuinely choose.\n\n- Which decisions change play, and which merely imply choice?\n- Which restrictions aid orientation rather than feeling arbitrary?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-079)\n\n### 68. Moments\n\nid: schell-068\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nIdentify brief episodes players will remember.\n\n- Which moment does a tester describe first after a session?\n- What prepares that moment and allows it to stand out?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-068)\n\n### 70. Inherent Interest\n\nid: schell-070\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nLook for interest inherent in the subject and situation.\n\n- What attracts attention before rewards and progression are introduced?\n- How does player action let them explore that interest?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-070)\n\n### 74. The Obstacle\n\nid: schell-074\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCreate obstacles that make achieving a goal meaningful.\n\n- Why does overcoming this obstacle matter to the player?\n- Does the challenge reveal the protagonist or merely delay progress?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-074)\n\n### 80. Help\n\nid: schell-080\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine whom the protagonist helps and why that matters to the player.\n\n- Who benefits from the player's actions?\n- How does the game show help's outcome beyond merely promising it?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-080)\n\n### 84. The World\n\nid: schell-084\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCreate a coherent world worth exploring beyond its plot.\n\n- Which patterns in the world can players notice and test?\n- What connects separate places and stories into a coherent whole?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-084)\n\n### 83. Fantasy\n\nid: schell-083\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine the wish a player can inhabit within the game world.\n\n- Who does the player want to become, and what do they want to do?\n- Which required mechanic undermines that role?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-083)\n\n### 73. The Story Machine\n\nid: schell-073\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine stories emerging from actions and consequences.\n\n- Which episode can a player retell as their own story?\n- Which rules create different dramatic consequences across sessions?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-073)\n\n### 81. Indirect Control\n\nid: schell-081\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nGuide attention through space, goals and cues.\n\n- Which detail encourages the intended route without a direct command?\n- Does the player retain a sense of making their own decision?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-081)\n\n### 72. Projection\n\nid: schell-072\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nHelp the player imagine occupying the protagonist's position.\n\n- What links the player's intention to the character's action?\n- Where does the character act in a way that breaks that identification?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-072)\n\n### 76. The Hero's Journey\n\nid: schell-076\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nUse the journey structure to examine growth rather than as a mandatory template.\n\n- How do challenges change the protagonist from beginning to end?\n- Which stage helps the game, and which exists only to satisfy a template?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-076)\n\n### 75. Simplicity and Transcendence\n\nid: schell-075\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCombine a recognizable foundation with an extraordinary scale or possibility.\n\n- What simple conflict makes events immediately understandable?\n- How does the game transcend the ordinary experience of that conflict?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-075)\n\n### 71. Beauty\n\nid: schell-071\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nUse aesthetic choices to enrich the experience.\n\n- Which detail makes players want to pause and examine it?\n- Does beauty coexist with clear player action?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-071)\n\n### 77. The Weirdest Thing\n\nid: schell-077\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nReview the world's most unusual premise for clarity and consistency.\n\n- What seems least plausible to new players?\n- What internal logic makes that premise acceptable?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-077)\n\n### 82. Collusion\n\nid: schell-082\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCoordinate the world and its characters to support the intended experience.\n\n- How do the environment and characters jointly support the player's path?\n- Where does that coordination become conspicuous and break plausibility?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-082)\n\n## Characters and world\n\n### 86. Character Function\n\nid: schell-086\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nGive each character a clear role in the system and narrative.\n\n- How would play change if this character were removed?\n- Could duplicate roles be combined without losing meaning?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-086)\n\n### 85. The Avatar\n\nid: schell-085\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nShape the relationship between the player and their in-world representation.\n\n- Which avatar traits help the player accept it as their representation?\n- What can be expressed through the avatar, and what is fixed by the game?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-085)\n\n### 87. Character Traits\n\nid: schell-087\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExpress character traits through observable behavior.\n\n- Which actions reveal a trait without stating it explicitly?\n- Does it appear consistently across different circumstances?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-087)\n\n### 89. The Character Web\n\nid: schell-089\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine character relationships as sources of conflict and change.\n\n- Which relationships change the characters' decisions?\n- How will the relationship network change after the player's action?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-089)\n\n### 91. Character Transformation\n\nid: schell-091\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nMake character development a consequence of experienced events.\n\n- Which decision shows that the character has changed?\n- Do earlier events prepare that change?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-091)\n\n### 92. Inner Contradiction\n\nid: schell-092\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nUse conflicting desires and values to give a character depth.\n\n- Which two things important to the character cannot both be preserved?\n- Which action will reveal that conflict?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-092)\n\n### 94. Atmosphere\n\nid: schell-094\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCoordinate sensory details to support the intended mood.\n\n- What mood do light, sound, pacing and surroundings create together?\n- Which element conflicts with that mood?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-094)\n\n### 93½. Presence\n\nid: schell-093-5\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: third-edition additions](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf)\n\nExamine the feeling of being inside the world, especially in VR and AR.\n\n- When does the player feel genuinely located within the world?\n- Which response or inconsistent detail breaks that feeling?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/93_5/?lang=en) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-093-5)\n\n### 95. Spectation\n\nid: schell-095\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nMake play understandable and interesting to a spectator.\n\n- Can a spectator understand the goal, risk and success without controlling play?\n- Which moments are easy to discuss or show to others?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-095)\n\n### 88. Interpersonal Circumplex\n\nid: schell-088\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConsider behavior along dominance and friendliness dimensions.\n\n- How does the character's stance differ around a friend and an opponent?\n- Do speech and actions express that relationship style?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-088)\n\n### 90. Status\n\nid: schell-090\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nShow characters' relative standing and how it changes.\n\n- Who holds influence in a scene, and how is that visible?\n- How does a status change affect behavior and player options?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-090)\n\n### 93. The Nameless Quality\n\nid: schell-093\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nLook for a sense of a living whole created by coherent details.\n\n- What makes the world feel convincing beyond the main task?\n- Which detail feels mechanical and disrupts the whole?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-093)\n\n### 95½. Cheatability\n\nid: schell-095-5\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: third-edition additions](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf)\n\nReview ways to bypass the rules and trust in game outcomes.\n\n- Can someone gain an advantage outside the rules, and would it be noticed?\n- What allows players to trust the fairness of results?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/#/menu/95_5/?lang=en) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-095-5)\n\n## Social play\n\n### 98. Community\n\nid: schell-098\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nSupport shared interests, norms and sustainable roles.\n\n- What connects participants beyond being present at the same time?\n- How does a newcomer understand the norms and find a useful role?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-098)\n\n### 96. Friendship\n\nid: schell-096\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nCreate opportunities to meet people and strengthen relationships.\n\n- What lets players meet regularly and get to know one another?\n- How does the system support continued contact after a shared task?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-096)\n\n### 99. Griefing\n\nid: schell-099\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nExamine ways players can disrupt others for disruption's sake.\n\n- How could a permitted action ruin another person's session?\n- Can harm be limited without eliminating useful interaction?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-099)\n\n### 97. Expression\n\nid: schell-097\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nLet players express preferences through meaningful actions.\n\n- What can a player do in their own way while remaining understandable to others?\n- Does the result reflect a personal choice or merely the amount spent?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-097)\n\n## Purpose and consequences\n\n### 111. Responsibility\n\nid: schell-111\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nTake responsibility for the consequences of design choices.\n\n- Who is affected by this decision, and how?\n- What observable harm calls for a design change?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-111)\n\n### 110. Transformation\n\nid: schell-110\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nConsider how the experience affects someone after play.\n\n- What change in knowledge, habits or attitudes might play produce?\n- How could beneficial and unwanted effects of that change be examined?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-110)\n\n### 113. Your Secret Purpose\n\nid: schell-113\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nName the personal purpose behind creating the game.\n\n- What personal motive am I pursuing through this project?\n- Does today's work align with that motive?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-113)\n\n### 112. The Raven\n\nid: schell-112\nAuthor: Jesse Schell\nSource: [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design)\n\nRelate limited time to the value of the work.\n\n- Is this project worth time that cannot be recovered?\n- Which work should stop so that what matters can be preserved?\n\n[Original reference](https://deck.artofgamedesign.com/) · [Permalink](https://gamemechanics.pro/en/lenses/#schell-112)\n\n## Sources\n\n- [Schell: 113 second-edition lenses](https://schellgames.com/art-of-game-design): The core set was checked against the supplied second-edition notes. The author’s official page links to the book and deck.\n- [Schell: third-edition additions](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351803649_A38251642/preview-9781351803649_A38251642.pdf): The third-edition table of lenses confirms 67½, 93½ and 95½. The additions were checked in the official deck.\n- [Deterding: intrinsic skill atoms](https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-lens-of-intrinsic-skill-atoms-a-method-for-gameful-design/): A separate gameful design method from a 2015 paper, explained in the author’s How to Do Gameful Design course. It does not extend Schell’s numbering.\n"}]}